The History of Tax Law, Part Three: Taxation in Ancient Egypt and The Rosetta Stone
W. Marc Gilfillan, CPA, NC, individual and business CPA and Tax expert, shares about the history of taxes…
The Rosetta Stone, unearthed by Napoleon, was perhaps the most seminal Egyptian archaeological discovery to date. The Stone had duplicated text in 3 different languages: Egyptian hieroglyphs, demotic (Egyptian script) and Greek. Using the Greek translation, we were able to decipher the Egyptian script and subsequently the hieroglyphs. However, the question remains: Egyptians had paper, called papyrus, so why was the writing carved in stone? Furthermore, why three languages? And why Greek?
The Stone has been in existence before 3000 B.C. The Rosetta Stone was carved around 200 B.C. while Ptolemy V was in power (an emperor of Greek origin). So what happened to the Pharaohs? At this point in history, Egypt had been conquered in 700 B.C. by the Assyrians, after that the Persians, and eventually the Greeks in 330 B.C. After reigning 2000+ years, Egypt was in decline.
The Ptolemy’s were for the most part decent rulers, but in 200BC, during which the Rosetta Stone was etched, Egypt had just ended a 10-year long civil war. The internal struggle broke out over exorbitant and oppressive taxation put in place by tough Greek tax collectors. When the war ended there was continuous unrest. Ptolemy V put into a effect a Proclamation of Peace which gave general amnesty for any rebel and tax debtors, reigned in taxation practices, stopped forced draft into the navy, and restored tax exemption to the priests, temples, and their crops and lands, as it had been in the reign of the ancient pharaohs. If you’re feeling the pressure with today’s taxes, call a Cary NC Accountant for all your tax-related needs!
This was a superb edge and financial ease for the priests and temples and they wanted to make sure first everyone knew it and, secondly, did not want it to be thrown away again at a point in the future.
As a result, “Rosetta Stones” were created and placed in front of each temple throughout Egypt. The Rosetta stones acted as warnings to all that tax exemption had been given to the priesthood and this temple and was a “Do Not Enter” proclamation to curtail the lawlessness of the king’s tax men. Go here if you want help with modern-day Tax Preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll in Cary NC.
All of this still begs the question: why carved into stone? The answer is because the priesthood wanted to make sure it would not disappear or able to be easily destroyed. Another question was why was it written in three languages? The Stone was carved in 3 languages because all could see and heed the command the priesthood wanted to send to everyone of Egypt. It was written in Greek to be especially clear to the king’s tax men that they couldn’t even go inside the gates of the temple.
So, the most important Egyptian archaeological discovery ever, the Rosetta Stone translated the weird language of the Egyptians, enabled us to discover the key to hieroglyphic writing and thereby the secret to unlocking the mystery of ancient Egypt and the understanding of the Egyptian way of life for 3000 years was, in truth, a tax document.
Keep an eye out for W. Marc Gilfillan’s next chapter in his History of Taxes series: Taxes and The Colussus of Rhodes.
http://www.marccpa.com/
